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href='/'>首页</a>><a href='/scjb/'>收藏·鉴宝</a>><a href='/scjb/zx/'>资讯</a></span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a1"><a href="/scjb/zx/">资讯</a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <h1 class="Content_title" id="hh"> <span id="a" style="">“玉痴”乾?。汗使话氲挠衿魇撬?/span> </h1> <script>/*jQuery('#hh').width(jQuery('#a').width());*/</script> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Remark"> <span>2017年10月26日 17:28 | 来源：<a target="_blank">人民政协网</a></span> <span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr"> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="bdsharebuttonbox"><a href="#" class="bds_more" data-cmd="more"></a><a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空间"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tsina" data-cmd="tsina" title="分享到新浪微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tqq" data-cmd="tqq" title="分享到腾讯微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_renren" data-cmd="renren" title="分享到人人网"></a><a href="#" class="bds_weixin" data-cmd="weixin" title="分享到微信"></a></div> <script>window._bd_share_config={"common":{"bdSnsKey":{},"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":"0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{}};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];</script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="text-indent: 2em; font-family: inherit;">玉，在中国历史上享有十分崇高的地位。也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，玉之德更是深深影响了国人的思想。玉文化包含着有：</span></p><div class="i2i2jyu4k" id="wrapOuter" style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><div class="i2i2jyu4k" id="artibody" data-sudaclick="blk_content" style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">“宁为玉碎”的爱国民族气节；“化为玉帛”的团结友爱风尚；“润泽以温”的无私奉献品德；“瑕不掩瑜”的清正廉洁气魄。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047751_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">我国的玉文化历史悠久，孔夫子说：“夫昔者，君子比德于玉。”古时有德者都随身佩玉，时时以玉的品德来约束自己：君子是玉，玉即君子。这种风俗延续至今。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">在经历新石器晚期、商周、战国至汉以及明代四次高峰之后，玉雕艺术在清朝的乾隆时期达到了巅峰。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047752_600x600.jpg" alt="《乾隆大阅图》郎世宁" height="763" width="593" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">咏玉诗八百首堪称“玉痴”</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">真正说到中国历史上的爱玉之人，恐怕每个人都要提到乾隆皇帝。虽历代帝王多以玉为美，但真正做到嗜玉成癖、乐此不疲的当首推乾隆。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆皇帝对玉极度喜爱，据不完全统计，乾隆皇帝的御制诗中有咏玉诗近八百首！故宫博物院藏玉三万多件，其中一半为乾隆所藏。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047753_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047754_600x600.jpg" alt="爱玉如子皇子以玉取名" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">一个人在给自己的孩子取名字时，往往将自己的志向、爱好蕴藏其中，乾隆自然不会放过这一机会来展示自己的爱好。我们看看那些皇子们的名字：永璜、永璋、永珹、永琮、永璇、永瑢等等，都和“玉”有关。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">比如“璜”的含义是半壁形的玉，“琮”的意思是用于祭祀的玉质筒状物，“璋”是古玉器的名字，而后来的嘉庆帝的名字叫永琰（后改名为颙琰），“琰”是一种雕饰的玉名，看来乾隆皇帝对玉文化是烂熟于胸。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047755_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047756_600x600.jpg" alt="玉璜" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047757_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047758_600x600.jpg" alt="玉琮" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047759_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047760_600x600.jpg" alt="玉璋" data-mcesrc="http://upload.art.ifeng.com/2017/1026/1508986007762.jpeg" data-mceselected="1" data-link="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">极大关注亲自审查指示</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆对于宫廷玉器制造给予极大的关注，亲自过问造办处玉作的人员构成、工匠的选派及其技术情况。重要的器物，他还对画稿、制木型、蜡样，以及最后的装饰、摆设等，一一审查，亲自指示。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆还亲自过问玉器的生产过程，并制定对玉工的惩罚办法，轻则扣除薪俸，重则降职、革职以及体?；蚣嘟?。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047761_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047762_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047763_600x600.jpg" alt="美人不及美玉藏玉近万件" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆虽有佳丽三千，但他更爱美玉。早在乾隆整顿吏治时，就对玉石这种高雅的奢侈品情有独钟。每年各地官员上供朝廷，总少不了美玉，这最能讨得乾隆欢心。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆把玩玉石的嗜好一发不可收拾，总是想尽办法谋得好玉。在每年三次常贡之外，他允许上贡的官员随时进贡，最多的官员一年可以上贡三十多次，为了能得到更多更好的美玉，他竟然拿出高于市场价格的钱回赠上贡官员。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">到了晚年时，他收藏的古玉接近一万件。空闲的时候，乾隆每天都会把这些古玉拿出来擦拭，抚摩，把玩。痴迷美玉的程度已经远远超过他迷恋美色的欲望，那些后宫的美女佳人真是备受冷落！</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047764_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047765_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047766_600x600.jpg" alt="民间力量最喜苏州玉器" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">清代除了宫廷造办处玉作、如意馆以外，承担起为宫廷制作玉器的任务，还有苏州织造、江宁织造等地，形成了庞大的宫廷玉器制作网络。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">明清以来，苏州一直都是流行时尚的引导者。明末时，苏州的琢玉工艺已被推为全国首位；到清代，苏州更是全国首屈一指的琢玉中心。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆很是了解苏州玉匠和玉肆的情况，也对那里玉匠的玉器制作水平非常有信心，认为苏州专诸巷中的玉匠是一个具有相当创作实力的群体。因此，在乾隆帝发派苏州织造制作的玉器活计中，有时是不带样稿的，这样可以留给工匠较大的创作空间。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047767_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047768_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047769_600x600.jpg" alt="玉器专用宝盒惜玉如金" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆最爱的珍贵玉器，往往收藏在叫“百什件”的盒子里。百什件共分为9层，抽屉中有每件玉器专用的小格子。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">《弘历鉴古图》是一个叫丁关鹏的宫廷画师所做，真实地描写了乾隆皇帝鉴赏古玉的情景。也足以见得乾隆皇帝对玉器的珍惜。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047770_600x600.jpg" alt="百什件" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047771_600x600.jpg" alt="清乾隆戗金描漆龙凤纹多宝格箱（内附珍玩44件）" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047772_600x600.jpg" alt="清乾隆紫檀多宝格方匣（内附珍玩30件）" data-mcesrc="http://upload.art.ifeng.com/2017/1026/1508986007599.jpeg" data-mceselected="1" data-link="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">审美朴实无华不随潮流</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">在乾隆中晚期，风格奢华的玉器镂空技艺发展成熟，但是乾隆对此不以为意，觉得不符合自己朴实的审美风格。收到的进献物品只要有镂空玉器，都会被退回。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">但是当时的确以此种技艺为潮流，还是有人进贡这种玉器。于是，在退位前夕，这种玉器遭到了禁止。做皇帝的就是这么任性！</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047773_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047774_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047775_600x600.jpg" alt="乾隆去世玉器走入低谷" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">乾隆去世后，清朝的国力迅速衰落，因此对玉器的需求大大减少，玉器的制造开始走入低谷。嘉庆四年（1799年），皇上甚至下旨和田、叶尔羌停止进贡玉料。道光元年（1821）以后直到清覆亡，新疆玉料进贡再也没有恢复。</p><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047776_600x600.jpg" alt="新疆回部花式双柄香薰" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><div style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2017/10/26/2047777_600x600.jpg" alt="" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"/></p></div><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">巧夺天工的清代玉器，令人如痴如醉，这就是“乾隆工”的魅力所在。它将传统的中国玉从“事神”和“证经补史”的肃穆礼仪中解脱出来，转化成精雕细琢的艺术品，能为皇室和贵族共同把玩！</p></div></div></div><p><br style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"/></p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：杨岚 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> </div> <p class="Keyword">关键词：乾隆玉器苏州玉痴一半</p> <h1 class="pv_title_2 mt_15"><a href="/index.shtml" target="_blank" class="more mtb_14">更多</a><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a3"><a href="/index.shtml"><img 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title="何水法" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/168.jpg" class="img" /><ins>何水法</ins></a> <a title="李延生" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/166.jpg" class="img" /><ins>李延生</ins></a> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="sliderbox" style="opacity:0; z-index:0;"> <a title="巩汉林" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/70.jpg" class="img" /><ins>巩汉林</ins></a> <a title="李胜素" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/173.jpg" class="img" /><ins>李胜素</ins></a> <a title="施杰" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/124.jpg" class="img" /><ins>施杰</ins></a> <a title="王亚非" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/120.jpg" class="img" /><ins>王亚非</ins></a> <a title="艾克拜尔·米吉提" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/128.jpg" class="img" /><ins>艾克拜尔·米吉提</ins></a> <a title="姚爱兴" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/137.jpg" class="img" /><ins>姚爱兴</ins></a> <a title="贾宝兰" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/174.jpg" class="img" /><ins>贾宝兰</ins></a> <a title="谢卫" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/170.jpg" class="img" /><ins>谢卫</ins></a> <a title="汤素兰" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/10/176.jpg" class="img" /><ins>汤素兰</ins></a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul style="display:none"> <li> <div class="i2i2jyu4k" id="sliderbox4" class="sliderbox_box"> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="sliderbox" style="opacity:0; z-index:0;"> <a title="黄信阳" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/15/1079.jpg" class="img" /><ins>黄信阳</ins></a> <a title="张其成" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/15/1003.jpg" class="img" /><ins>张其成</ins></a> <a title="潘鲁生" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/15/912.jpg" class="img" /><ins>潘鲁生</ins></a> <a title="冯丹藜" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/15/907.jpg" class="img" /><ins>冯丹藜</ins></a> <a title="艾克拜尔·米吉提" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/15/906.jpg" class="img" /><ins>艾克拜尔·米吉提</ins></a> <a title="袁熙坤" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/14/903.png" class="img" /><ins>袁熙坤</ins></a> <a title="毛新宇" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/14/896.jpg" class="img" /><ins>毛新宇</ins></a> <a title="学诚法师" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/14/850.png" class="img" /><ins>学诚法师</ins></a> <a title="宗立成" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/13/848.jpg" class="img" /><ins>宗立成</ins></a> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="sliderbox" > <a title="梁凤仪" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/13/845.jpg" class="img" /><ins>梁凤仪</ins></a> <a title="施杰" target="_blank"> <img src="/upload/resources/image/2014/02/13/842.jpg" class="img" /><ins>施杰</ins></a> <a title="张晓梅" 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