贵州传统村落非遗传承困境：银饰工艺断档?；嗣裾?/title> <link href="/css/css.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/css/collect_header.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/css/news_list_content.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js" type="text/javascript"><\/script>')</script> <script src="/js/jquery.soChange1.js"></script> <script src='/js/roller.js'></script> <script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/js.js"></script> <script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/detailPagePublicJs.js"></script> <script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/advPublicJs.js"></script> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> <script>var V_PATH="/";window.onerror=function(){ return true; };</script> </head> <body> <h1><a 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id="i2i2jyu4k" class="site fr"><a href='/'>首页</a>><a href='/scjb/'>收藏·鉴宝</a>><a href='/scjb/zx/'>资讯</a></span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a1"><a href="/scjb/zx/">资讯</a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <h1 class="Content_title" id="hh"> <span id="a" style="">贵州传统村落非遗传承困境：银饰工艺断档?；?/span> </h1> <script>/*jQuery('#hh').width(jQuery('#a').width());*/</script> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Remark"> <span>2016年04月07日 11:14 | 作者:燕海鸣 | 来源：<a target="_blank">中国青年报</a></span> <span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr"> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="jiathis_style_24x24"> <a class="jiathis_button_qzone"></a> <a class="jiathis_button_tsina"></a> <a class="jiathis_button_tqq"></a> <a class="jiathis_button_weixin"></a> <a class="jiathis_button_renren"></a> <a class="jiathis jiathis_txt jtico jtico_jiathis" target="_blank"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://v3.jiathis.com/code_mini/jia.js?uid=1399539302485450" charset="utf-8"></script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6;">塘都村的手工艺</strong><br/></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">塘都村的传统手工艺便面临着传承的困境。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">塘都是贵州黔东南黄平县的一个家村寨。家人是五十六个民族以外的未识别民族，主要聚居在黔东南的崇山峻岭之中，他们自称是后羿的后代，有自己独特的祖鼓崇拜和节庆体系，更有着与众不同的传统手工艺。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">塘都村最为出色的传统手工艺是银饰技艺。家人对银饰的器重程度胜过金钱，每个姑娘出嫁时，都必须有一套银饰，从头饰、颈饰到手饰，缺一不可。银饰是姑娘们身份的象征，质量越高，姑娘和家人便越风光。因此，专门出现了一群银匠，以此谋生。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">周边家人只要是需要银饰，大都会来找塘都的银匠。这个村现有银匠十户。但是，因为无论是纹样还是头饰与其他民族并不相通，所以极少有家之外的客户来塘都购买银饰。一般是客户拿银子给银匠加工，银匠只收取加工费，价格约为20～30元/两。银匠自身不囤银、不售卖。银饰的纹样依照客户要求确定，多为传统纹饰。因为银饰重要性高，在族群内部需求量大，银匠的收入自然不菲，一般每个月能有三五千元的收入，多的时候甚至能达到8000元。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">照理说，应该有很多人愿意学习银饰技艺才是。但是，塘都村的银饰工艺传承却面临后继无人的困境。村里虽然现有十几个银匠，但大都是50岁以上的老匠师，最年轻的也年过30岁。那些老师傅的儿子们都不愿意继续以银匠为职业，他们之中有的压根儿就不想学，有的是跟着学了些日子，因为太过艰苦，最终放弃。</p><p style="text-align:center"><a rel="sexylightbox[gp]" target="_self" style="text-decoration: none;"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2016/04/07/231679_600x600.jpg" alt="点击进入下一页" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 580px; cursor: pointer;"/></a></p><p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 2em;">　<strong>　传统建筑</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>为什么后继无人</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">银饰制作工艺多为祖传，多一个同行就相当于少一部分客户，银匠之间的竞争也在暗自进行。对于手工艺者，他的资产不仅是田地，还有打银的器具，更重要的是客户群。非传统银匠世家的人想进入这个行当并不容易。因此，如果银匠的儿子都不学了，便意味着这门手艺的人才断档。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">为什么收入这么高，却选择放弃了呢？其实，收入高只是相对曾经的农业社会而言，在今天，外出打工能够获得基本相当的收入，银匠的优势便不复存在了。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">我们初步估算了一下塘都村的人均支出，一个村民在礼仪性开销、教育、住房、医疗等方面都需要支出，平均每个月要有1000元的结余才能维持生计。银匠每个月的结余也就在1000元出头，略微高于平均水平。如果是外出打工，每个人每月如果能挣到三四千元，也能与银匠的收入不相上下?？銮?，打银收入最高也无法突破月入1万元，而打工却存在着种种机遇，有些“混得好”的人，年收入已经有数十万元，这个吸引力可不是打银饰能够比拟的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">师傅不愿意传外人，自己人又不愿意学，一来一往，传统银饰工艺便后继无人。而且，现在塘都村很多婚礼上，用以彰显女方家庭地位的物品已经开始以汽车代替银饰，银饰的重要意义也在逐步弱化。</p><p style="text-align:center"><a rel="sexylightbox[gp]" target="_self" style="text-decoration: none;"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2016/04/07/231680_600x600.jpg" alt="点击进入下一页" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 580px; cursor: pointer;"/></a></p><p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 2em;">　<strong>　蜡染</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">2010～2014年间，塘都村流出人口是返回人口的5倍还多。外出的年轻人与城市文化和生活方式发生直接接触，当他们再回头看农村的生活，往往埋怨会大于乡愁。一个曾在浙江打工的塘都女孩，对老一辈的生活习惯表现出明显反感，她不断抱怨村里遍地的垃圾：“他们每天就这么乱扔垃圾，没素质！”塘都村并没有垃圾处理系统，过去的垃圾以剩菜烂饭等有机物构成，还算可以接受；最近一些年，随着塑料袋和食品塑料包装的迅速增加，白色污染日趋严重。而垃圾排污的唯一方式，竟然是靠下雨，通过雨水冲到山下的河沟里，等于是“处理”掉了。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">在这样的恶性循环作用下，年轻人的排斥心理针对的不是传统文化遗产，而是背后的一整套生活方式，很难再指望他们认同传统手工艺，更不可能要求其学习和传承。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">除了银饰之外，塘都村的蜡染、挑花、刺绣等通过女性传承的手工艺也遭遇了传承的瓶颈。原因比起银饰更为简单——机器化。本来这些技艺的功能是用于服饰，而今天大规?；魃芄宦闳粘Ｐ枨?，手工制作便失去了实际功能。就拿蜡染来说，机器印染的普及，使妇女们常用的头巾仅卖15元，手工蜡染的需求大大降低。塘都村仅有一位老年妇女还掌握着传统蜡染技艺，而这位老人的生计状况却并不理想。年轻人都尊重这位心灵手巧的老人，却没有一个人愿意继承她的手艺。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">常常听见有的学者批判：城市化进程太快了，导致村里走出的年轻人忘记了乡愁，也丧失了文化遗产?；さ囊馐?。但是，这真的是他们的错吗？当你发现这些孩子们一年到头连父母都见不到的时候，当你听到他们必须辍学外出打工为家里的生计奔波的时候，你不能去批评他们没有遗产?；ひ馐?。（燕海鸣）</p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：陈佳 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> <a href="/c/2016-04-07/756926.shtml">1</a> <a href="/c/2016-04-07/756926_1.shtml" 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