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class="jiathis_button_tqq"></a> <a class="jiathis_button_weixin"></a> <a class="jiathis_button_renren"></a> <a class="jiathis jiathis_txt jtico jtico_jiathis" target="_blank"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://v3.jiathis.com/code_mini/jia.js?uid=1399539302485450" charset="utf-8"></script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>中国移民有执着</strong><strong style="text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.6;">的故土观念</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“孔飞力对中国传统文化的核心观念之一‘安土重迁’做出了新的解读。”李明欢认为，“安土重迁”的另一面，就是“衣锦还乡”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力研究发现，相比其他国家的移民，将家庭根基永久迁入异邦，中国移民具有显著特征。他从语义学的角度，对此做了有趣的剖析：在英语当中，“移民(emigrant)”一词意味着一个人离开本地而(长久地)居住于另一地，但中国词汇中找不到能够完全与之相对应的词汇。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力认为，长期以来，绝大多数中国人移民的本意，并非在外国长期定居，而是在国外工作一段时间后回归故里。因此，对中国人移居海外，与其用“移民”一词，不如用“侨”居他国更合适。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力发现，中国人外出务工，都会寄钱回去养家；散居四方并不意味着家的解体，无论家庭成员离家多远，都负有对家庭的道义责任，移民他乡者也不例外。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“移民”的本质不是分离，而是联系。虽然很多中国人事实上在中国以外的地方安了家，但这并没有减少他们与故乡的联系。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">侨居他乡的中国人表现出执着的家乡感，不仅与老家乡亲保持联系，还组织类似同乡会的组织，关心、支持家乡人的生计。“与其说是离开中国，不如说他们正在扩展劳作者与家庭之间纽带的空间维度”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力认为，“侨居”观念有重要意义，它强化了移民所在地同胞之间的团结，为他们的生意、社会交往提供种种便利，还可以与故乡维系情感通道，移民商人可以从中吸引新的资金和人力。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“但是‘侨居’的想法往往是不现实的，”孔飞力指出，侨居是中国移民商人们希望选择的生活模式，然而，对于贫苦佣工、手艺人而言，虽然他们有相同的愿望，但或许根本没法积攒到足够的钱，如愿踏上回乡之路，很多人尚未实现衣锦还乡的梦想，就已魂断他乡。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">　　</p><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a rel="sexylightbox[gp]" target="_self"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2016/03/29/224045_600x600.jpg" alt="点击进入下一页" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 580px; cursor: pointer;"/></a></p></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <strong> 1875年华人移民抵达美国旧金山，正在接受移民局检查</strong></div><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>方言影响迁移方向</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">李明欢指出，此书研究的主要对象是海外华人，但其涉及的核心问题，却与中国社会的大历史、中华民族的大文化密切相关，比如方言与移民方向的关系。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">1567年，明朝下令解除长期推行的海禁政策，标志着中国海外移民史的开启。东南沿海及岭南地区是中国人海外移民的主要区域。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">经过研究，孔飞力发现，中国移民帮群特征明显，决定帮群的不是自然地理、行政区划分，而是方言?？追闪θ衔?，中国方言差异巨大，共同的方言让族群凝聚、团结，互助互保，在生意上互通有无。“共同的方言是实现连锁迁移的纽带”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力指出，不同方言族群，迁移方向不一。闽南人是东南亚移民的最主要来源，17世纪后，闽南人最初来到台湾岛定居，后来，一部分人搭乘商船前往菲律宾、爪哇、马来西亚、婆罗洲或暹罗(今天泰国)。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">18世纪中叶，广州港是唯一获准接待西方船只的口岸，广东人更多活跃于南海的海上航道，经由香港，去往北美、澳洲。19世纪下半叶，广东人又大批进入马来丛林，开采锡矿。</p><p style="text-align: left; text-indent: 2em;">潮州人的移民与暹罗贸易密切相关，随着中暹稻米贸易的发展，潮州人移居暹罗的越来越多，在当地形成一个移民群。</p><p style="text-align:center"><a rel="sexylightbox[gp]" target="_self" style="text-decoration: none;"><img src="/upload/resources/image/2016/03/29/224046_600x600.jpg" alt="点击进入下一页" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 580px; cursor: pointer;"/></a></p><p style="text-align: center; text-indent: 2em;"><strong>19世纪中叶，华人漂洋过海到旧金山一带挖矿和修铁路</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>华人移民东南亚曾被当地统治者厚爱</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力研究发现，就中国移民数量而言，东南亚显然是核心区。20世纪末，中国移民70%居住在东南亚，3700万华侨中，约半数居住在印度尼西亚、泰国和马来西亚。他分析，这种现象是有历史渊源的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">历史上，东南亚一直是宗教、文化和商品贸易相互交汇之处。自15世纪以来，东南亚本地统治者就看好华人和明王朝的中介作用。他们之所以重视与明朝的关系，就在于明朝实施的朝贡制度有利于提升他们在本地区地位，并带来财富。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">在欧洲人来到东南亚之后，港务监督、商贸等职位大量由华人担任。因此，东南亚地区成为当时华人移民的首选之地。因为能给当地统治者带来利益，华人作为定居者在招募时，颇受欢迎。得到当局庇护的华商，一举一动小心翼翼，避免任何竞争，并尽力为给予其特权的人牟利。作为回报，他们通常能够获得?；?，甚至获得地位上的提升。</p><div><p style="text-align: center;"><a rel="sexylightbox[gp]" target="_self"><img alt="点击进入下一页" src="/upload/resources/image/2016/03/29/224047_600x600.jpg" title=" 1860年前后在新西兰的中国淘金工人" style="border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; max-width: 580px; cursor: pointer;"/></a></p></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>1860年前后在新西兰的中国淘金工人</strong></div><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>淘金诱惑让中国人迁移北美和澳洲</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">孔飞力在书中提到，19世纪中叶之后，中国海外移民掀起第二波浪潮。这次大规模人口流动发生了明显变化，当时的中国人从对外劳务输出，逐渐到外国谋职，争取获得更好的机遇。因此，他们从旧有的东南亚地区，进一步向全世界延伸。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">地处温带的北美和澳洲，人口稀少，成为不少中国移民的目标?！爸泄泼裼肱分抟泼瘢负跏且磺耙缓蠼舾沤氡泵篮桶闹?，淘金对于两地移民具有同样的诱惑力”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">1848年，美国加利福尼亚发现金矿，消息一出，世界各地淘金者蜂拥而至，其中，以广东人反应最为迅速。1850年，约有1000名中国人到达旧金山，次年，又来了6000人，第三年，来了2万人。1852年的人口普查资料显示，加州人口中约有10%是中国人。加拿大的淘金热始于1858年，几年后，就有数千中国人移居英属哥伦比亚?！爸泄艘泼癖泵来右豢季秃浜淞伊摇?。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">当1851年澳大利亚墨尔本兴起第一波淘金热时，大批中国人前往，为避免征收高额人头税，很多中国人从南澳桂珍湾登陆，再跋涉250多英里，才能到达维多利亚的金矿所在地。</p><p><br/></p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：陈佳 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> <a href="/c/2016-03-29/748985.shtml">1</a> <a href="/c/2016-03-29/748985_1.shtml" class="a">2</a> </div> <p class="Keyword">关键词：中国近五百年移民史方言与赚钱机会引导迁移足迹</p> <h1 class="pv_title_2 mt_15"><a href="/index.shtml" target="_blank" class="more mtb_14">更多</a><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a3"><a href="/index.shtml"><img src="/images/xg_t1.jpg" /></a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <ul class="Related_ul bh_150"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2016-03-29/748511.shtml">什么样的钧窑值得收藏</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2016-03-29/748479.shtml">连环画已从传播工具变成收藏品类</a></li> 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