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id="i2i2jyu4k" class="site fr"><a href='/'>首页</a>><a href='/rwsh/'>人物·生活</a>><a href='/rwsh/jjd/'>聚·焦点</a></span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a1"><a href="/rwsh/jjd/">聚·焦点</a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <h1 class="Content_title" id="hh"> <span id="a" style="">朝戈金：非遗保护视野下的口头传统文化</span> </h1> <script>/*jQuery('#hh').width(jQuery('#a').width());*/</script> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Remark"> <span>2014年07月14日 11:28 | 来源：<a target="_blank">人民政协报</a></span> <span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr"> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="bdsharebuttonbox"><a href="#" class="bds_more" data-cmd="more"></a><a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空间"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tsina" data-cmd="tsina" title="分享到新浪微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tqq" data-cmd="tqq" title="分享到腾讯微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_renren" data-cmd="renren" title="分享到人人网"></a><a href="#" class="bds_weixin" data-cmd="weixin" title="分享到微信"></a></div> <script>window._bd_share_config={"common":{"bdSnsKey":{},"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":"0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{}};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];</script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p> 　　■演讲人简介：</p> <p> 　　朝戈金先生系中国社会科学院民族文学研究所所长、研究员、博士生导师。兼任国际史诗研究学会会长、国际哲学与人文科学理事会副主席、中国民俗学会会长、中国少数民族文学学会会长。长期致力于民俗学与少数民族文学研究。著有《口传史诗诗学：冉皮勒〈江格尔〉程式句法研究》、《多重选择的世界——当代少数民族作家文学的理论描述》（合著）等多部著作和几十篇论文。</p> <p> 　　■编者按：</p> <p> 　　随着新型城镇化的加速，以农业文明为基础的非物质文化遗产?；っ媪僮判绿粽?，作为非遗重要部分的口头传统更是因其在人类交流中的重要作用而被日益重视与关注。那么，口头传统在人类发展历史中发挥着怎样的作用，具有哪些独特的艺术魅力？东西方历史上有哪些值得借鉴的口头传统保护经验？本期讲坛特邀朝戈金先生就“非遗?；な右跋碌目谕反澄幕?rdquo;这一主题进行畅谈。</p> <p> 　　■精彩阅读：</p> <p> 　　不是所有的生活知识都有教科书。人类的知识是汪洋大海，进入教科书、成为书写文化、变成经典的只是少部分。民间知识很庞大，我们不能斩断了文化传承，不能让大量宝贵的知识消失在工业化钢筋水泥的丛林中、消失在如今的课堂上、消失在人类的记忆里。</p> <p> 　　口头传统还是文化认同，用特定的方言、乡音来讲特定的歌谣、故事，自己人听到特别亲切，别人大概就听不懂，这时候就建构了一种文化认同感，觉得我们更亲近。</p> <p> <strong>　　口头传统的“另一只轮子”作用</strong></p> <p> 　　口头传统是非物质文化遗产的重要部分，什么是非物质文化遗产呢？联合国教科文组织在《非物质文化遗产保护公约》中讲得很清楚，非物质文化遗产就是指特定的社区民众世代传承的知识、技能、艺术创造等。非遗在联合国工作框架下主要分为五大类，第一类就是口头传统和作为它的载体的语言。为什么要研究口头传统？这需要回到一个很根本的话题——人类物种是何时经过进化开始学会说话的？</p> <p> 　　“口头传统”是一个外来词语，在我国学术文化传承中，也有其他一些叫法，比如口头传承，都是用来概括这样一件事情——人通过说话的方式传递信息——传递信息的技能和传递信息的内容合起来就是口头传统?？谕反骋灿泄阋搴拖烈逯?。广义的口头传统是指口语交流的一切形式，讲了什么都算口头传统；狭义的口头传统或者学术界研究较多的口头传统主要是指口头艺术，如神话、歌谣、故事、史诗演述等语词的艺术形式。英国某研究小组发现哺乳动物身上有5%的基因是稳定的、几乎不发生变异的，过去100万年中，这些基因的氨基酸在人类身上发生过两次突变，才让人具有了会说话的能力，而其他动物都没有进化出这种能力。当然，人会说话也是一个综合演化过程。</p> <p> 　　古希腊时期盛行演说术，那时一些政治家很擅长在公众面前演讲，纵观西方政治学术史，可以看到很多这方面的例子。无论是中国，还是外国，书面文学在发展进程中都大量吸收了民间的东西，有时还让这些民间语词精致化了。世界各地不同的人们都有会说话的能力，并借此将知识、信息、思想和艺术等一代代传承下来，让不同的文明更加灿烂。西方研究人类文明的专家认为，最早的书写符号距今有8000年历史，是巴尔干半岛一些记数符号，之后有两河流域的古代文字、中国的甲骨文、美洲的印第安文字等。文字的发明和使用也经历了一个复杂的演化过程，中间有些是彼此影响的，有些是独自发明的。文字的形态也很不一样，比如中国的方块字，西方的拼音文字，世界各地的人们通过自己的聪明才智，用不同的技术，记录和处理着他们的语音符号。由此可见，人类是先有语言后有文字，语言的历史长，文字的历史短。</p> <p> 　　文字被发明之后，是不是到处都通用呢？并不是。在中世纪的欧洲，读书、写字的能力多掌握在寺院僧侣及少数贵族庄园主的手中。中国也一样，中国1949年解放时不识字的人数还是相当大。到20世纪初时，爱尔兰仍有1/3的人是功能性文盲，识字有障碍，也就是说不能真正流畅地阅读和掌握书写。如果再往前推，最初这些文字是干什么的呢？各地看到的情况是，早期文字主要不是为了撰写和记录文学作品，而是用来做实用性记录，比如占卜、商业契约等。</p> <p> 　　最近美国的基因学家写了一部书叫《出非洲记：人类祖先迁徙的史诗》，用基因方式来研究人类物种怎样走出非洲，他们先来到今天的以色列地区，随后，一部分逐渐走到亚洲，一部分走到欧洲等等。通过阅览这样的迁徙历程和进化历程，我们可以得出这样一个简单的结论：物种在文明进步和发展中，大脑的发育为语言交流提供了生物学基?。ㄓ谢蛲槐涞暮艽蠊停?，通过合作、劳动，让人的综合能力逐步复杂起来，发展出会说话的技能，这一技能在人类漫长发展过程中一直占据了日常信息交流的最主要方面，也占据了知识传递相当主要的方面。一直到工业化时代后，西方发达国家很多人都会读书识字，即便这样，大量信息也是通过口耳之间交流的。我们有教科书，教科书不见得能让我们成为有学问的人，所以才有学校教育，如果书面传递信息就能完成一切，那么把教科书印好后发给大家，大家在家阅读就都成了很有学问的人，这可能吗？可见，在信息传递中，面对面交流是不可替代的。</p> <p> 　　在东西方民族发展进程中，我们都能看到知识存储和传递的主要方式。在西方文明中，比如最古老的图书馆之一亚历山大图书馆，比如欧洲活字印刷术的发明和使用，还有欧洲一些古老的大学等，通过这样的方式，用书面方式保留经典、传承文明。但还有另一个方面，就像推动人类文明进步是两只车轮一样，书面文字、图书馆和大学教育是一只轮子，民间文化是另一只轮子，千百年来民众通过口耳相传，传递了大量知识和信息。很多东西并没有进入书面文学传统中，而是在老百姓当中代代口耳相传，中华民族有大量东西就是通过这个渠道传承下来的。以前中国农村人口居多，中华文明的底色就是农村的爷爷奶奶、叔叔伯伯、姑姑舅舅等通过口耳相传讲给你们的，我们知道了传统节日该怎么过，我们知道了孟姜女哭长城的故事，《三国演义》、《水浒传》中的很多故事也是这样流传下来的。中华文化中有相当一部分文化底色是没有经过学校教育和图书馆的。</p> <p> 　　有些民族是没有书面文化的，基本是一只轮子———只有口头文化在发生作用。以中国为例，中国有55个少数民族，那么有多少种语言呢？目前有很多不同的说法，联合国教科文组织统计的语言地图，说中国有300种语言，国内有专家认为比较准确的数字是130多种语言，有些民族不只讲一种语言，还有一些语言迄今没有被识别。语言现象是比较复杂的。真正使用本民族文字的民族有多少呢？不到10个。很多民族没有文字，那么这些民族的文明是怎么传承到今天的呢？全是靠口耳相传。如果想追溯各民族的文明进程，很多情况下光靠文字是不可行的，有些民族没有书面文字，他们的文明进步史、当地生产知识和技能的信息都在口头传统中，在长篇的叙事诗、歌谣、谚语中。像苗族、瑶族、白族等南方少数民族都经历过复杂迁徙，关于祖先的记录，全在口头传统中，口头传统对这些民族来讲非常重要。</p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：罗韦 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> <a href="/c/2014-07-14/351095.shtml" class="a">1</a> <a href="/c/2014-07-14/351095_1.shtml">2</a> <a href="/c/2014-07-14/351095_2.shtml">3</a> </div> <p class="Keyword">关键词：知识口头传统语言文化</p> <h1 class="pv_title_2 mt_15"><a href="/index.shtml" target="_blank" class="more mtb_14">更多</a><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a3"><a href="/index.shtml"><img src="/images/xg_t1.jpg" /></a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <ul class="Related_ul bh_150"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2018-09-18/2172365.shtml">司法应尊重常识常理</a></li> <li><a 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