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data-cmd="more"></a><a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空间"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tsina" data-cmd="tsina" title="分享到新浪微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tqq" data-cmd="tqq" title="分享到腾讯微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_renren" data-cmd="renren" title="分享到人人网"></a><a href="#" class="bds_weixin" data-cmd="weixin" title="分享到微信"></a></div> <script>window._bd_share_config={"common":{"bdSnsKey":{},"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":"0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{}};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];</script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">从概念上的“匪夷所思”到认识上的“非遗非所遗”,从社会关注的热点词到成为新闻媒体的聚焦点,从活态传承融入生活到成为文化产业的新宠…… 一路走来看似风光无限,非遗的?；び氪腥匆廊幻媪僮胖疃唷吧瞬黄稹钡南质道Щ?。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>第一伤:“四重四轻”,凝神不定气</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">一是重申报轻?；?。这个问题已经成为我国“非遗”工作的一大阻碍。根源在于一些地方对非遗的文化属性认识肤浅,申报“非遗”的目的存在功利性,把申遗成功当成一项政绩来追求。盲目追求数量、夸大申遗功能,对如何有效?；げ簧闲牟挥眯摹?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">二是重形式轻内容。2006年起,自国家确立每年6月份第二个星期六为“文化遗产日”以来,各地纷纷举办地方性的非遗节或重大非遗宣传活动,过于强调形式上的多样化和吸引力,对非遗产传承?；さ暮诵男呋杓撇还?无法达到以文化人的目的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">三是重固守轻创新。非遗传承强调的是以人为核心的技艺、经验、精神,其特点是活态流变。然而,在传承与发展过程中,受“非遗拒绝创新、传承人不容挑战”等观念制约,过于依赖传统的传承方式,缺乏创新精神唤醒和激活非遗技艺,弱化了活态传承的能力。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">四是重展陈轻流通。当前,以展陈、展览、展演等形式对非遗进行“实体化”?；ひ丫晌鞯毓逃心Ｊ??；毓宋夜且欧⒄故?不难发现,各地很多非遗项目历史上就是通过商业化流通来维系传承的。为此,让非遗文化与市场成功对接,通过市场流通实现非遗“活态化”发展,也是可以放手实践的好办法。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>第二伤:“四老四乏”,有心却无力</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">一是“老艺人”身心乏倦。当前传承人老龄化的问题,成了非遗保护不得不直面的痛点。据统计,在现已公布的4批1986名国家级非遗代表性传承人中,已经有235人离世,而在世的国家级非遗代表性传承人中,超过70岁的占50%以上。由于老师傅年纪大,身心乏倦和精力不足,直接导致代表性技艺濒临失传,甚至已经失传。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">二是“老手艺”传承乏人。所谓的“老手艺”,就是民众在长期的生产生活实践中发明、积累和传承下来的技艺。从目前活态传承角度看,由于市场化程度不高,一些老手艺传承乏人,要留住“老手艺”前提就是?；ず霉ひ辗椒?。要抓住《中国传统工艺振兴计划》的政策机遇,借助生产、流通、销售等手段,使其融入现代社会生活实践,并在生活中持久传承。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">三是“老规矩”制约乏善。师徒传承从古至今,是传统技艺、民间演艺、中医药等非物质文化遗产的一种主要传承方式。而在民间,家族传承仍是非遗传承的主要方式之一。由于“传男不传女”、“传长门不传旁门”、“传内不传外”等传统“老规矩”可陈乏善,加之部分独生子女不愿传承衣钵,日益逐渐形成今天“人走艺绝”、技艺失传的?；?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">四是“老作坊”发展乏力。众所周知,今天与我们衣食住行息息相关的传统生活知识,很多是通过坐落在城市中的老作坊、老字号来传承的。如,全聚德、王致和、同仁堂、鹤年堂等老作坊、老字号数十年如一日的苦心经营,至今仍然保持着强劲的生命力。当下,随着市场结构转型升级,曾经一度红火的“老作坊”日渐衰落,这无疑是对具备市场化基因的非遗项目的严重冲击。但无论如何,非遗传承与保护应该是动态的、多维度的,使其重返市场化、产业化之路迫在眉睫。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>第三伤:“四多四少”,游离乾坤外</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">一是资源多开发少。我国非遗资源丰富、阵容庞大、区域分布广,其复合性、神秘性、特异性、原真性等特质明显,具有巨大的开发潜质和优势。从调查情况看,在一些地方资源闲置问题还比较突出,缺乏有深度的?；ば钥?、生产性保护和融合性利用,导致一些非遗项目申报后束之高阁、一些特色非遗村落无人问津、一些经典传统非遗品牌名存实亡。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">二是想法多路径少。非遗项目或产品,不同与单一化的生活必须品,市场上只要质量过硬就有一席之地。当前,非遗?；すぷ髦衅毡榇嬖谧畔敕ê芏嗦肪赌颜业奈侍?一些地方有意将其作为文创产品打造,却对如何进入市场没有底数;有些地方有心将其作为特色产业发展,却对怎样实现产能合一没有信心?？杉?很多非遗资不是死在想法上,而死在办法中!</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">三是规划多落地少。规划有用吗?当然有用!凡事预则立,不预则废。但是,在有些地方对非遗?；び氪泄ぷ魉淙荒扇肓说钡摹拔幕⒄构婊?、年度工作计划和重大项目方案,可是能够实实在在得到落实的却很少。一个原因是规划执行度或可操度差强,另一个原因是政策支持不够,或受人力、财力等方面制约。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">四是困难多解围少。与其他中小文化企业相比,非遗生产状况多为小、散、弱,没有相应的固定资产作支撑,难以获得融资机构的支持,呈现出“家族式创业”或“单打独斗”态势。由于自身发展受困,加之创新能力欠缺,很多优质非遗产业尚未形成完善的产业链,文化融合的广度和深度不够,产品附加值未能得到有效挖掘和提升。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>第四伤:“四热四冷”,困于表相中</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">一是节庆热平时冷。鼓乐喧嚣、红红火火、热闹非凡、一片歌舞升平的非遗展示展演,成了全国各地每年6月份第二个星期六的“文化遗产日”不约而同的“规定动作”,把活动搞得就像过节一样热闹,可是一过了这个日子,马上冷落下来。这种“6月里来7月里走”的尴尬令人警醒。利用“非遗节”、“非遗宣传日”或春节等重大节庆时机,通过举办各类活动助推,让常年遭受冷遇的非遗人和非遗项目热起来,是件好事。毕竟,非遗不可能天天都“过节”,面对现实还要过好自己的“日子”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">二是开发热市场冷。近年随着我国文化产业的快速崛起,非遗项目向市场化、商业化、产业化转化的“开发热”正在升温。短短几年间,全国各地与非遗相关的文化企业、创意营销平台、民间研发团队等载体顺势而动,再度让非遗陷入了“两难境地”。面对非遗版权使用的严肃性、市场需求的多变性与发展前景的不确定性,加上缺少相关的政策机制作保障,必须会带来许多新情况、新问题。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">三是两头热中间冷。综合分析来看,让“非遗热”起来的主要有两股力量,一个是地方政府,一个地方企业。恰恰相反的是,夹在中间的非遗持有人或传承人却显得很“冷淡”,一个主动原因就是版权所有与利益二次分配的问题。目前不少项目“传承人不传承”,或根本无法传承,主要是列入产业开发项目后,主导权成了合作企业,而真正的传承人只能“靠边站”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">四是体外热体内冷。当下,只要提到“文化+”,大有“文化是个箩筐什么东西都能装”的共识。同样,非遗也不例外。近年来,各地利用丰富的非遗资源优势,大打“文旅融合”牌,通过创建非遗旅游小镇、开发乡村文化旅游、建设农耕博物馆等形式吸引八方游客,结果“文化唱戏、旅游收钱”,“富了旅游、穷了文化”。这些现象映射出的问题,正是需要各级研究解决的课题。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">非物质文化遗产是中华优秀传统文化的重要级成部分,是中华民族智慧的结晶,承载着中华上下五千年历史的记忆。直面非遗保护与传承面临的“四个四”问题,需要我们切实增强一种“等不及”、“伤不起”的紧迫感和使命感,守护非遗瑰宝,不留历史遗憾。(作者王军系四川省乐山市文化广电新闻出版局副调研员,转载请注明来源“中国经济网”)</p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：位林惠 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> </div> <p class="Keyword">关键词：非遗 ?；?#32;文化 </p> <h1 class="pv_title_2 mt_15"><a href="/index.shtml" target="_blank" class="more mtb_14">更多</a><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a3"><a href="/index.shtml"><img src="/images/xg_t1.jpg" /></a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <ul class="Related_ul bh_150"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-07-05/1636821.shtml">王军：非遗传承要“过好节日”</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-05-27/1561490.shtml">李佩森：“一带一路”沿线非遗产业如何发展</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-05-23/1552220.shtml">杨红：迎接传统文化全民传播时代</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2015-08-24/560434.shtml">充分利用优秀传统民俗文化</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2015-02-02/441651.shtml">全国政协委员、著名学者谈民间戏曲</a></li> <li><a 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