西藏“非遗”生产性?；な迪炙嗣裾?/title> <link href="/css/css.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/css/collect_header.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/css/news_list_content.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/jquery-1.8.3.min.js" type="text/javascript"><\/script>')</script> <script src="/js/jquery.soChange1.js"></script> <script src='/js/roller.js'></script> <script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/js.js"></script> <script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/detailPagePublicJs.js"></script> <script src="http://www.rmzxb.com.cn/js/advPublicJs.js"></script> <style> *{font-family: "微软雅黑", "Microsoft Yahei", "SimSun", "宋体", "Arial Narrow"}; </style> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-transform" /> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" /> <script>var 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<script>window._bd_share_config={"common":{"bdSnsKey":{},"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":"0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{}};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];</script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">西藏是重要的中华民族特色文化?；さ兀涤惺傧罟矣胱灾吻斗俏镏饰幕挪宀拾哽档拿褡宸?、精巧绝伦的手工艺品、历史悠久的藏医藏药……但长期以来，许多“非遗”产品不被市场认可，使得传统技艺陷于传承困境。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">2012年，西藏传统工艺传承与发展综合项目在西藏林芝市率先试点。这个项目通过生产性?；さ哪Ｊ?，将“藏在深闺人未识”的“非遗”产品定位为富有西藏特色的文化产品，打开市场的同时，走出了一条“非遗”传承保护和脱贫致富的新路子。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>传统“非遗”产品叫好不叫座</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">春日里的西藏雅砻河谷，万物复苏。在山南市杰德秀镇，家家户户的织布机也随着耕犁下田而重新架了起来。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">48岁的村民卓嘎，今年想利用家里的织布机多挣一些钱。她正从西藏传统工艺传承与发展综合项目设在镇上的办公室里走出，肩上扛着6卷羊毛纱线。这是她准备用来回家织氆氇，即一种藏族手工羊毛毛料产品。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“镇上好多邻居从项目组领原料，在家织氆氇，一个月能净赚三四千块钱。”卓嘎笑着说，“我的手艺肯定也没问题?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">在此之前，卓嘎已经很久没有靠纺织为家里增加过收入了。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">杰德秀镇有着“邦典之乡”(“邦典”即藏族妇女系在腰间的一种彩色围裙)、“氆氇之邦”的美誉。该地的邦典织造工艺，被列入了国家第一批非物质文化遗产名录。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">然而，在机器氆氇和邦典面世后，手工织品受到了很大冲击。卓嘎织好的邦典常常无人问津。产品销路不稳定，便没钱再去购置原料。久而久之，卓嘎家里的织布机，除了为家人织一些必备衣物之外，也渐渐受到了冷落。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">曾与杰德秀镇邦典面临相似困境的“非遗”产品，还有林芝市米林县才召村国家级“非遗”?；は钅俊扮蟀妥宸巍?。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">珞巴族是我国人口较少的少数民族，其服饰由早期的采集、狩猎服装演变而来，在长期的生活中，珞巴族人学会了纺纱织布，用植物染料为毛线着色，织成坎肩、上衣、筒裙等。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“年轻人现在都不愿意穿这些传统服装了，更不愿意学着做衣服了?！辩蟀妥宸未腥搜且牢蘅赡魏蔚厮?，年长的人请她帮忙做衣服，是用同样的劳作时间来换，基本没有收入。最艰难时，除了亚依之外，村里能做服装的只有三四位60岁以上的老人。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">西藏自治区文化厅相关负责人坦言，西藏适合生产出产品的“非遗”有100多项，但鲜有产品能够稳定打入国内一线市场和海外市场。即使是做得好的门类，如藏香和藏医药，也仅有部分品牌能在拉萨、四省藏区以及少量藏区外城市销售。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">西藏传统工艺传承与发展综合项目专家团队负责人盖宏睿指出，很多“非遗”产品很难跟现代化企业的量产产品竞争。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“‘非遗’产品需要长时间的手工制作。如果定价低，会有越来越多的人离开这个行业；如果定价高，很难有人会为传统粗糙的产品支付高昂的费用。”盖宏睿说，“‘非遗’产品要在市场上流通，就必须在产品定位上下功夫。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>文化产品对接市场打开销路</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">2012年，西藏传统工艺传承与发展综合项目正式启动，项目第一、二阶段分别于林芝市和山南市展开。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">今年刚刚加入项目的卓嘎，摸着项目组提供的砖红色纱线啧啧称奇：“这颜色在市面上根本买不到?！彼聪哂胱约喊畹渖系暮焐榘谠谝黄鸲员龋罢呦缘煤裰囟匀?，后者则呈现出标准工业染色剂的色温。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">据专家团队设计工作负责人田峰介绍，在每一处纺织技艺试点，参与群众都会拿到一套与他们生活的环境色调最为贴近的纱线。这些色彩，来源于一套西藏色彩基因库?；蚩馐窍钅客哦釉诙晕鞑氐慕ㄖ?、织物、生活器物、自然环境等各类色彩进行调查，并在实验室将色彩数据化后形成的。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">基因库的建立，是为了赋予西藏“非遗”产品以地域文化内涵。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“‘非遗’传承本质上是文化传承，‘非遗’产品本质上是文化产品?！备呛觐Ｋ担懊扛龅赜?、民族的‘非遗’产品都有自己独特的气质，这是传承数千年文化‘基因’的外在体现?！且拧废胍肓坎钠胀ㄏ哑肪赫?，就要走文化产品的路子?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">为了调制出这套独一无二的色彩，项目组找到了林芝市毛纺厂。厂长陈吉华亲自担负调色的任务。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">回想起配色过程中的艰辛，陈吉华不无感慨。在调制一种灰色时，他前后进行了上千次实验。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“那种灰色是西藏一种特有的鸟类脖子下面羽毛的颜色，非常难以把握。”陈吉华说，“但也一眼就能让人认出，这就是西藏的色彩?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">色彩基因库只是项目组为产品注入文化内涵的一种尝试。在每个试点，专家团队都会寻访老艺人、查阅史料，最大限度地复原传统技艺，并设立展馆或展示牌，梳理“非遗”技艺的发展脉络。在此基础上，群众运用老工艺，自行发挥创造，制作一些诸如围巾、书签等符合市场需求的手工制品。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“这些原汁原味保留‘非遗’技艺，并且带有独特地域文化的产品，在市场上便不再是普通的商品?！备呛觐Ｋ?，“我们与主抓高端读者细分市场的知名企业‘读库’达成协议，精准对接了愿意进行文化消费的客户，将产品销售到了海外市场?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">作为项目试点之一，林芝市巴宜区真巴村工坊的订单已经排满全年。初步估算，工坊仅今年的产品加工费就有300万元。真巴村工坊合作社负责人达央宗说：“这在以前想都不敢想！那时做出来的东西没人要，连在市里销售都很困难?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">据悉，项目组已与国外某知名文化品牌签订了16年的供货合同，不限量供应。“这意味着产品只要严格按照现在的工序来做，生产多少，他们就要多少?！备呛觐Ｋ?。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>经济杠杆激发传承内生动力</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">杰德秀镇的边巴卓嘎是附近织氆氇村民的小组长。在她眼中，组员们一年以来的技术进步非常大。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">虽然被誉为“氆氇之邦”，但杰德秀镇群众织出的氆氇起初并不能满足项目组的要求。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“很多组员织的布料不够密，项目组把这些残次品全部回收，并且照给工钱，这对我们的激励很大?！北甙妥扛滤?，“一开始我每天都要去各个组员家检查，纠正技术。现在几乎已经不会出现废品了?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">在山南市的试点，通过项目改善“非遗”技术的群众不在少数。53岁的达娃卓嘎拿出几年前织的藏毯“卡垫”跟加入项目后织成的对比，后者的图案明显更加复杂，针脚也更细密。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">珞巴族服饰传承人亚依则为一度濒危的技艺得到推广而高兴。项目启动4年多来，掌握珞巴族服饰制作技艺的人，由亚依1人变成了现在的17人。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">专家组在才召村建起米林珞巴族服饰工坊，鼓励年轻人学习珞巴族织布技艺。据测算，产品对接市场后，熟练的手工艺人每月能有七八千元的稳定收入，吸引了很多年轻人。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">经过长时间反复试错，很多才召村群众都熟悉掌握了珞巴服饰的配色、编织以及成品制作加工等工序，创造出大量带有珞巴族传统文化血脉的新作品。记者在米林珞巴族服饰工坊看到，村民规范、整理、恢复传统配色图案有几十种，每个图案都有不同的设计产品，产品简洁、大气，颇有知名品牌的雏形。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“对‘非遗’的?；ぃ滓嵌源腥思捌浼家盏谋；?。”盖宏睿说，“有高端文化消费市场的需求，传承人的技艺会越来越精湛。当产品打开销路后，经济杠杆激发了传承人的创作积极性，也就激发了‘非遗’传承的内生动力，这种生产性?；な浅ぞ玫摹⒖沙中?。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">现在，林芝市朗县金东传统造纸从濒临失传发展成为受知名企业欢迎的版画纸；山南市杰德秀镇及周边乡镇的许多手工艺人，选择返乡从事藏毯、藏被、氆氇等传统产品的家庭化生产。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">49岁的边巴去年放弃了自己承包的建筑队，回到位于山南市贡嘎县朗杰学乡的家中，专心织藏被。从小学做裁缝的他表示，现在不仅收入令人满意，项目组提供的条件也让他能放开手脚“搞创作”。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><strong>“非遗”传承实现家门口增收致富</strong></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">在山南市的项目办公室，工作人员正在给卓嘎等姐妹们算一笔账：一卷宽20厘米、长13米的细氆氇，10天左右即可织完，每米最多可以领90元工钱。材料全部由项目组提供，羊毛质量也比群众自己买来的要好。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“等于我们自己不用承担任何成本，织了布就能赚钱！”卓嘎高兴地说。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“去年我一下挣了2万多元，跟丈夫出去打工挣的差不多?！闭姘痛迦褐谇堑录咝说厮?，“以前，家里5口人靠着20多亩地生活。家里的重担全部压在丈夫肩上，既心疼他又埋怨自己的无能?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">乔德吉的婆婆乔拉姆，今年也在儿媳的吸引下加入了项目。她和村里的妇女们坐在宽敞明亮的工坊内，一边拉着家常，一边在布料上绣着图案。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">目前，真巴村有39名妇女和乔德吉婆媳俩一样，在家门口加工特色围巾，足不出户就有可观经济收入。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">织藏被的边巴回到家中，则主要出于安全考虑。从前建筑队生意好时，他一年可以赚十多万元，但每天早出晚归，还要为工地、工人的安危操心，钱赚得并不踏实。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">现在，他不到20天就能缝制一条藏被，一个月能有5000元左右的收入?！氨瘸鋈フ跚榷?、更体面，还能有更多时间照顾家庭?！北甙退?。</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“按照规划，未来两年仅杰德秀镇就会有3000余名群众靠传统手工艺‘精准脱贫’?！鄙侥鲜姓は钅扛涸鹑思轿谰?，“项目组还在人口较为集中的扎塘镇规划了可容纳1500人同时工作的藏族服饰工坊，可带动2万余名群众依靠传统手工技艺脱贫致富。”</p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;">“对于西藏‘非遗’的生产性?；だ此?，这个项目具有开创性的意义?！蔽鞑刈灾吻幕且糯τ泄馗涸鹑怂?，“通过经济手段让更多的群众有意愿学习技艺，这符合文化传承要求。如果能够长期稳定地在海外市场销售，这绝对是一条文化创新发展的路子?！?/p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">记者周健伟张利民张宸王沁鸥拉萨报道</span></p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：邢贺扬 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> </div> <p class="Keyword">关键词：西藏非遗</p> <h1 class="pv_title_2 mt_15"><a href="/index.shtml" target="_blank" class="more mtb_14">更多</a><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a3"><a href="/index.shtml"><img src="/images/xg_t1.jpg" /></a></span></h1> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="pa_0_5_0_10"> <ul class="Related_ul bh_150"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-02-22/1356951.shtml">青海画师创作1300米唐卡长卷欲刷新世界纪录</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-02-14/1340717.shtml">发现乡音里的中国</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-02-10/1333633.shtml">潘家园再推春节鉴宝活动</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/c/2017-01-20/1298484.shtml">西南胜利纪念章是为谁发放的</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" 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