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class="fr"> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="bdsharebuttonbox"><a href="#" class="bds_more" data-cmd="more"></a><a href="#" class="bds_qzone" data-cmd="qzone" title="分享到QQ空间"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tsina" data-cmd="tsina" title="分享到新浪微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_tqq" data-cmd="tqq" title="分享到腾讯微博"></a><a href="#" class="bds_renren" data-cmd="renren" title="分享到人人网"></a><a href="#" class="bds_weixin" data-cmd="weixin" title="分享到微信"></a></div> <script>window._bd_share_config={"common":{"bdSnsKey":{},"bdText":"","bdMini":"2","bdMiniList":false,"bdPic":"","bdStyle":"0","bdSize":"16"},"share":{}};with(document)0[(getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||body).appendChild(createElement('script')).src='http://bdimg.share.baidu.com/static/api/js/share.js?v=89860593.js?cdnversion='+~(-new Date()/36e5)];</script> </span><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="fr">分享到：<img src="/images/fx.jpg" /> </span> </div> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="text_box"> <p align="center"> <p align="center"> <a href="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57074.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="绵羊雕" src="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57074.jpg" title="绵羊雕" /></a></p> <p align="center"> 绵羊雕</p> <p align="center"> <a href="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57075.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="羊灯" src="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57075.jpg" title="羊灯" /></a></p> <p align="center"> 羊灯</p> <p align="center"> <a href="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57076.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="羊形铜件" src="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57076.jpg" title="羊形铜件" /></a></p> <p align="center"> 羊形铜件</p> <div> </div> <p> 　　来源：文汇报记者：李婷</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　羊年就要来了，不少老外这几天却因为究竟是哪种羊的羊年而纠结。是大公羊、山羊，还是绵羊，英美媒体在庆贺羊年的新闻中，不知道该如何选择用词。有英国报刊将几种羊并列在标题中，让读者自己选择，还有美国媒体“严谨”地称羊年是“有角反刍动物年”。中国的羊年到底是哪种羊？记者走进上海博物馆，从与羊有关的藏品中，找一找羊和传统文化的渊源。</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　“羊”在中国古代文字中与“祥”相通。上博的羊文物主要集中在青铜器、玉器和陶瓷三大类。不同时期的古人，根据材质和对文化理解的不同，创造出了形态各异的与羊有关的器物饰品。</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>　　四羊首瓿铸造地域仍是谜</strong></p> <p> </p> <p> 　　文博专家透露，古人最初在青铜器所做羊纹饰，可能并无后来所谓的“吉祥”概念，而与权力、等级等含义更为相关。在西周的列鼎制度中，天子宴飨时用九鼎，第一鼎为牛肉，以下为羊、猪、鱼等；诸侯用七鼎，第一鼎为羊肉，以下为猪、鱼等；大夫用五鼎，士用三鼎，随着身份的降低，其使用的数量和食用的种类递减，而到了百姓就只能食鱼肉了，故称为“鱼肉百姓”。而到了汉代，羊出现了“吉祥”的寓意，其证据是汉代的青铜盆等器物上同时有“大吉祥”字样和羊的纹饰。</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　上博收藏的最典型的具有羊造型的青铜器，是商晚期的四羊首瓿。这件高38.8厘米，重14.24千克的圆形盛酒器，口沿外折，短颈，广肩，圈足较高，足上有四个大方孔。肩上设四个大卷角羊首，立体高耸，颇具气势，羊首左右配有弯角长嘴龙，角部均有鳞纹。羊首间饰棱脊状立鸟。腹部上沿饰相间的火纹与“亚”形纹。圈足下沿饰外卷角兽面纹，躯体向两侧展开，以雷纹饰地。全器铜质矿化，表面光泽翠绿，精美而神秘。</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　这件文物的羊首直接覆盖在肩部纹饰之上，专家由此推断羊首是以分瓣法制成，即先铸成瓿的主体，在肩部留有孔道，后在孔道搭陶范铸成羊首。该铸造技艺在当时算是很高的水平。不过，以往火纹与“亚”形纹相间的构图仅在商代早中期殷墟以外出土的青铜器中有发现，该青铜器的铸造地域仍是谜团。</p> <p> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57077.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="汉代琉璃母子羊" src="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57077.jpg" title="汉代琉璃母子羊" /></a></p> <p align="center"> 汉代琉璃母子羊</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>　　汉代羊有了吉祥的含意</strong></p> <p> </p> <p> 　　比青铜器历史更久远的玉器中是否也有羊的踪迹呢？请到上博的玉器陈列馆去看看。玉器陈列馆美玉纷呈，从远古至明清绵延不断。然而玉羊却很少见，只见到一件清乾隆年间的青玉三羊开泰摆件。两只小羊卧于老羊前，亲亲密密，耳鬓厮磨。其玉质温润纯美，雕工传神精美，无与伦比。上博玉器专家张蔚说，商代殷墟妇好墓出土的羊头状佩饰是考古发现最早的玉羊。春秋战国期间很少见玉羊，到汉代就多些了，多为圆雕，器型也比较大，属于摆设类器物，如水盂、水注等。这时候“羊”已有吉祥的含义了。唐宋之后，玉羊渐多，因为玉器从本来由贵族专用变得世俗化了，生活题材的作品就多了起来，如写实的动植物，不仅有羊，马、牛、鹿、狮等都有。唐宋的玉羊往往较小，用作坠饰，挂在身上或扇子、帐子以及刀、剑等上面。明清开始出现“三阳开泰”寓意的工艺品，玉器也是如此。据说，泰卦是周易六十四卦中最吉祥的，它三阴居上，三阳生于下，阴消阳长，冬去春来，有大地回春，万象更新之意，也是对吉利祥瑞、诸事顺遂的称颂。</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　上海博物馆所藏羊题材的玉器多为清代三羊开泰一类。虽然以羊为题材的玉器上博并不多，但许多其他造型的玉器却也与“羊”有关，因为它们用的是最珍贵的玉材——和田羊脂白玉。其色泽犹如羊的脂肪，洁白柔嫩，凝光照人。</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>　　青瓷羊釉色葱翠肥润</strong></p> <p> </p> <p> 　　陶土做的羊，早在河姆渡文化遗址就有发现了。河南偃师二里头亦曾出土夏代的陶羊。汉代的陶羊就更多了，最典型的是汉惠帝安陵，竟出土陶羊125件。知道杨贵妃的便知道高力士，据说他的陵墓中也出土过陶羊9个。</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　上海博物馆里也有一件陶瓷羊，十分精美，令人过目难忘。那是件东晋越窑的青瓷羊，丰胸肥臀，身材健美。其釉色葱翠肥润，代表了中国陶瓷从草莽期向经典期转化的风采。</p> <p> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57078.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="明嘉靖景德镇窑青花松竹梅三羊图碗 (图片由上博提供)" src="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57078.jpg" title="明嘉靖景德镇窑青花松竹梅三羊图碗 (图片由上博提供)" /></a></p> <p align="center"> 明嘉靖景德镇窑青花松竹梅三羊图碗 (图片由上博提供)</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　到了明清，三羊开泰的概念开始在瓷器上流行。上博有一件明代嘉靖官窑青花三羊碗，极为精致。它敞口外撇，口内沿饰以锦纹，外画三羊，神态各异，一羊回首观望，一羊正面伫立，一羊侧面作行走状，正好寓意过去、现在、将来和三阳开泰。三羊之间衬以松、竹、梅及杨柳、芭蕉，其底色白釉肥润泛青，青花色泽浓艳而不晕散，为典型的嘉靖回青之作。清代有羊造型、图案的瓷器就更多了，雍正年间仿哥窑、汝窑等宋代名窑的瓷器中有羊首尊、羊耳尊等，都是很名贵的器物。</p> <p> </p> <p align="center"> <a href="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57079.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="清嘉庆景德镇窑粉彩开光三羊纹碗" src="/upload/resources/image/2015/02/17/57079.jpg" title="清嘉庆景德镇窑粉彩开光三羊纹碗" /></a></p> <p align="center"> 清嘉庆景德镇窑粉彩开光三羊纹碗</p> <p> </p> <p> 　　道光时期的粉彩器也有用三羊开泰入画的。上博陈列瓷器中有著名藏家胡惠春捐赠的道光景德镇粉彩三羊图碗一对，斗笠状的碗壁外工笔精绘一对大羊和一只小羊，并间以奇卉异草怪石。</p> <p> </p> </div> <p class="Editor">编辑：邢贺扬 </p> <div id="i2i2jyu4k" class="Paging"> </div> <p class="Keyword">关键词：玉器青铜器艺术羊年</p> <h1 class="pv_title_2 mt_15"><a href="/index.shtml" target="_blank" class="more mtb_14">更多</a><span id="i2i2jyu4k" class="t" id="a3"><a href="/index.shtml"><img src="/images/xg_t1.jpg" 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